Emerging trends in aerogel technology for biosensing applications

Abstract

Aerogels have gained attention for their unique physicochemical attributes, including their lightweight structure, adjustable porosity, expansive surface area with customizable functionalities, and notable biocompatibilities. A crucial factor in employing aerogels within biosensors is the improvement in sensitivity, selectivity, and response speed due to their effective interactions with biological targets. Recent advancements in aerogel synthesis, particularly with the incorporation of 0D, 1D, and 2D materials, have significantly enhanced the performance of aerogel-based sensors through a synergistic effect. An increasing array of aerogels has been documented for biosensing purposes and as electrode materials in smart sensors that aim to detect biomolecules for biomedical applications. Various synthesis techniques for aerogels and their composites have emerged. Aerogel composites that feature nanoparticles and 2D/3D materials are noted for their relevance in sensing applications. Discussions surrounding these materials often focus on their use in biosensors, smart sensors, microfluidics, and innovative devices. This review seeks to underline new trends in aerogel technology for biosensing applications, concentrating on advancements in synthesis methods, the creation of novel aerogel composites, and aerogel-based sensors aimed at biosensing, biomarker detection, smart sensors, wearable technology, microfluidic devices, as well as the biocompatibility and sustainability of aerogels and their composites. The review also highlights how aerogels enhance the selectivity, sensitivity, and efficiency of biosensors. The latest developments in smart aerogels are opening opportunities for real-time biomolecule monitoring. Additionally, their integration with microfluidic devices has led to the creation of portable, cost-effective lab-on-a-chip devices, which support rapid diagnostics in cutting-edge biosensing technologies.