One-pot assembling pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase with polydopamine to overcome the reproducibility issues of layer-by-layer electrode development

Abstract

The reproducibility of enzyme-based biosensors remains a critical challenge, particularly in clinical and wearable applications. Here, we present a novel one-pot polydopamine (PDA)-assisted immobilization strategy for pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) on graphite electrodes to address the limitations of conventional layer-by-layer (LbL) methods. The (PQQ-GDH/PDA)OPA/G platform demonstrated a uniform and nanostructured enzyme–polymer matrix, confirmed by SEM and spectroscopic characterization, resulting in enhanced surface coverage and enzyme stabilization. Electrochemical analyses revealed an onset potential of +0.19 ± 0.01 V and a maximum current of 0.87 ± 0.08 μA in the presence of glucose. Amperometric calibration yielded a linear range of 0.4–1.2 mM, a sensitivity of 0.47 μA mM−1, and a low detection limit of 26 ± 2 μM. Michaelis–Menten kinetic analysis provided an Imax of 1.13 ± 0.07 μA and a KappM of 3.11 ± 0.59 mM. Reproducibility was excellent, with relative standard deviations below 8% for all key parameters. The biosensor retained full functionality under physiological conditions (pH 7.2, 37 °C) and exhibited high selectivity against common interferents, including dopamine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid, with signal variations below 5%. Remarkably, the sensor maintained stable responses in artificial serum for over 67 days, confirming its long-term operational stability. These findings highlight the one-pot PDA-based approach as a scalable, reproducible, and biocompatible platform for next-generation glucose biosensors suitable for real-world biomedical monitoring.

Graphical abstract: One-pot assembling pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase with polydopamine to overcome the reproducibility issues of layer-by-layer electrode development

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
08 Apr 2025
Accepted
13 Jun 2025
First published
20 Jun 2025
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

Sens. Diagn., 2025, Advance Article

One-pot assembling pyrroloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase with polydopamine to overcome the reproducibility issues of layer-by-layer electrode development

A. Cimino, S. Wang, V. Marchianò, A. Tricase, A. Stefanachi, E. Macchia, B. Cassano, L. Torsi, X. Zhang and P. Bollella, Sens. Diagn., 2025, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D5SD00053J

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements