Bridging MOF properties to 3D printing: a framework for electrochemical energy storage architectures with synergistic porosity-ion dynamics

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer exceptional tunability, high porosity, and chemical versatility, positioning them as highly promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage, particularly batteries and supercapacitors. However, their integration into 3D printingplatforms remains hindered by rheological limitations and structural fragility. This review introduces a property-oriented design framework that strategically aligns key MOF attributes—mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability—with specific 3D printing techniques, including Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Digital Light Processing (DLP), and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). By leveraging ligand engineering and composite formulation, MOF mechanical–electrochemical properties can be tuned to meet the requirements of various AM methods. This enables the fabrication of advanced battery and supercapacitor electrodes featuring hierarchical porosity, optimized ion transport, and mechanical robustness. We systematically review MOF precursor formats (inks, filaments, resins, powders) and post-processing strategies such as in situ growth and interfacial coating. Breakthrough applications in supercapacitors and batteries demonstrate the transformative potential of this integrated approach. Collectively, this work establishes a design paradigm that bridges porous material chemistry with advanced manufacturing for next-generation electrochemical energy storage architectures.