Enhanced reactivity at the oil–water interface accelerates the synthesis of zymonic acid in microemulsions

Abstract

Chemical reactions in microscale compartments, such as aerosols and emulsions, can exhibit significantly faster reaction rates relative to macroscale containers. This enhancement in chemistry is often due to the elevated importance of surfaces as reaction vessels are reduced to picoliter volumes. While most studies have focused on the air–water interface of droplets, there are comparably fewer studies of reactions in micron-scale aqueous solutions encapsulated by oil. Here we investigate the condensation reaction of pyruvic acid (PA) to form zymonic acid (ZA) and water. Using microfluidics and optical trapping, chemical kinetics are measured in monodisperse micron-sized emulsion droplets in situ via Raman spectroscopy. Relative to a macroscopic bulk solution, which exhibits little to no reaction over many days, we find efficient production of ZA over the same time period. A kinetic model is developed to elucidate the role of the interface in accelerating the microdroplet reaction kinetics. After quantifying the surface partitioning of PA from interfacial tension measurements, the rate coefficient for the condensation reaction at the oil–water interface is determined to be 1.8 × 10⁻² M⁻¹ s⁻¹. This rate coefficient is estimated to be 10⁵ larger than the reaction rate in bulk aqueous solutions. Compared to previous studies of accelerated ZA formation at the air–water interface on nanodroplets, we find that the reaction at the oil–water interface is 20 times more efficient. Despite this difference, the overall ZA formation rate in emulsions is significantly slower than in the same-sized aerosols, which arises from the weaker partitioning of PA to the oil–aqueous relative to air–water interface. These results highlight the interplay between interfacial partitioning and reactivity in accelerating chemistry in microcompartments and provides new insights into how interfacial composition influences condensation reactions.