Ligand non-innocence and an unusual σ-bond metathesis step enables catalytic borylation using 9-borabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonane

Abstract

The metal-catalyzed intermolecular C–H borylation of arenes is an extremely powerful C–H functionalization methodology. However, to date it is effectively restricted to forming organo-boronate esters (Aryl–B(OR)₂) with its application to form other organoboranes rarely explored. Herein, we report a catalytic intermolecular heteroarene C–H borylation method using the commercial hydroborane 9-borabicyclo-[3.3.1]-nonane, (H–BBN)₂. This process is effective for mono- and di-borylation to form a range of heteroaryl–BBN compounds using either NacNacAl or NacNacZn (NacNac = {(2,6-ⁱPr₂C₆H₃)N(CH₃)C}₂CH) based catalysts. Notably, mechanistic studies indicated a highly unusual σ-bond metathesis process between NacNacZn–Aryl and the dimeric hydroborane, with first order kinetics in the hydroborane dimer ((H–BBN)₂). Our calculated metathesis pathway involves ligand non-innocence and addition of both H–BBN units in (H–BBN)₂ to the NacNacZn–heteroaryl complex. This is in contrast to the conventional σ-bond metathesis mechanism using other hydroboranes which invariably proceeds by reaction of one equivalent of a monomeric hydroborane (e.g., H–B(OR)₂) with a M–C unit. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of extending catalytic arene C–H borylation beyond boronate esters, while highlighting that the σ-bond metathesis reaction can be mechanistically more complex when utilizing dimeric hydroboranes such as (H–BBN)₂.