Squaramide-based ion pair receptors can facilitate transmembrane transport of KCl and zwitterions including highly polar amino acids

Abstract

Misregulation of transmembrane ion transport in biological systems has been linked to a variety of diseases. As a result, supramolecular chemists have been trying to develop small molecules that facilitate the transmembrane transport of several ionic species. However, ion transport by small molecules is a passive process and needs to be overall charge neutral (i.e., when an ion is transported across a membrane, another ion needs to be transported as well to avoid charge separation). Ion pair receptors could therefore have great potential as transmembrane ion transporters because they can facilitate transport of an overall neutral species. Furthermore, ditopic ion pair receptors also have the potential to transport biologically important zwitterionic species, such as amino acids. In this manuscript, we report the synthesis of a series of ditopic receptors based on squaramides as the anion binding unit and 18-crown-6 as the cation binding unit. UV-vis and NMR titrations revealed that these compounds can bind a variety of chloride salts, especially KCl. Furthermore, liquid–liquid extractions and transport experiments using bulk liquid membranes and liposomes indicate that these ditopic receptors are capable of transporting chloride salts and hydrophilic amino acids. In fact, compound 5 was even able to facilitate the transport of amino acids with charged side chains at physiological pH (arginine and glutamate), making it the first example of a small molecule that can transport these highly polar and charge-dense species. These findings open up the possibility of using these receptors in a wide range of biological applications.