Kaolin-derived sodalite nanocatalyst for sustainable biodiesel production

Abstract

Sodalite was successfully synthesized from natural kaolin as a nanocatalyst for biodiesel production using Reutealis trisperma oil (RTO). The synthesis of sodalite was conducted at crystallization temperatures of 80, 100 and 120 °C. The pure sodalite phase was formed at a crystallization temperature of 100 °C, as confirmed by characterization using FTIR spectroscopy and XRD. The sodalite catalyst demonstrated outstanding performance in the catalytic conversion of RTO into biodiesel. The optimum biodiesel yield and conversion achieved under a molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1 : 30 using the S-100 catalyst were 94.14% and 81.79%, respectively. Unlike conventional CaO or NaOH catalysts, kaolin-derived sodalite provides a low-cost, reusable alternative with enhanced efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential of sodalite as a sustainable nanocatalyst, supporting clean energy development and contributing to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).