Imide-based covalent organic frameworks: molecular design, synthesis, and applications in clean energy and environmental remediation

Abstract

Imide-based covalent organic frameworks (Imide-COFs) have emerged as a chemically robust subclass of COFs, distinguished by their π-conjugated backbones, high crystallinity, and structural tunability. This class of COF constructed via condensation reactions between electron-deficient aromatic dianhydrides and electron-rich diamines, these frameworks exhibit strong donor–acceptor interactions that impart intrinsic redox activity and facilitate efficient charge transport. Such properties make Imide-COFs attractive candidates for applications in electrochemical energy storage, photocatalysis, and clean energy conversion. Their extended π-systems and accessible pore networks further support guest–host interactions relevant to gas adsorption, ion transport, and environmental remediation. This review highlights recent advances in the rational design and synthesis of Imide-COFs, correlating their molecular structures with functional performance in energy-related applications such as lithium/sodium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and water-splitting systems. We also discuss their potential in pollutant removal and other environmental technologies, and conclude with a perspective on future opportunities for developing Imide-COFs as multifunctional materials for sustainable energy and environmental solutions.