A portable smartphone-based electrochemical sensing platform for rapid and sensitive detection of creatinine in blood serum

Abstract

Muscle metabolism produces creatinine, a waste product whose levels in the blood and urine are crucial markers of kidney health. Herein, a smartphone-based electrochemical detection strategy was developed to quantify creatinine in human blood serum. Since creatinine was electrochemically inactive, a standard copper solution was added as an electro-activator to produce an electrochemically active creatinine–copper complex. At a pH of 7.4, the creatinine–copper composite was oxidized in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Electrochemical oxidation of the free Cu⁺ ion in PBS is tested by the surface modification of Ti₂C₂T_x@poly(L-Arg) nanocomposite. The analytical performance of the developed electrochemical sensor was evaluated by differential pulse voltammetry. The developed electrochemical sensor was evaluated using a combination of techniques: electrochemical methods like cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, morphological analysis with scanning electron microscopy, and structural analysis with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Notably, the developed sensor demonstrated an impressively low detection limit of 0.05 μM and a linear range of 1–200 μM. Moreover, the sensor remarkably exhibited a stable creatinine detection response with an acceptable reproducibility for two two-week periods and demonstrated a robust immunity against interfering molecules. This is the first report on the synthesis of Ti₂C₂T_x@poly(L-Arg) nanocomposites and their application in the electrochemical detection of creatinine. This smartphone-based creatinine sensor offers a promising, rapid, and reliable technique for creatinine detection, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics and biomedical research, due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and portability.