Multifunctional resin-matrix ceramic: synergistic mechanical–biological optimization and novel strategies for translational research

Abstract

The advancement of dental materials has established resin–zirconia RMC (resin-matrix ceramic) as a pivotal innovation in restorative dentistry, combining zirconia's mechanical strength with resin's elasticity to overcome the limitations of traditional systems. Conventional materials often compromise tooth integrity due to elastic modulus mismatch and cytotoxic monomer release, whereas resin–zirconia RMC (resin-matrix ceramic) achieve stress distribution aligned with natural dentition while enhancing biocompatibility. This review explores their design strategies, including nano-zirconia reinforcement, polymer–ceramic network optimization, and surface functionalization, which collectively improve wear resistance, aging stability, and antibacterial efficacy. Clinically, these composites demonstrate exceptional performance, with long-term success and minimal wear under cyclic loading. Mechanistically, they regulate cellular interactions critical to soft tissue healing and bone integration, suppressing inflammatory pathways while promoting osteoblast activity and collagen alignment. Despite these advancements, challenges such as the long-term biocompatibility of wear particles and processing complexity require further investigation. By integrating material science, cell biology, and clinical insights, this work underscores the potential of resin–zirconia RMC (resin-matrix ceramic) to redefine restorative dentistry through harmonized mechanical and biological functionality.