Issue 31, 2025

Unravelling the influence of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents on lysozyme: a comparative study of fructose and formic acid donors

Abstract

Advances in medicine and pharmaceutics have led to an increasing need for efficient structure stabilization methods for therapeutic proteins. Lysozyme is an antimicrobial enzyme present in mucosal secretions and animal and plant tissues and merited by a wide range of applications. However, its inherent vulnerability to high temperatures and external stress limits these applications. To overcome these drawbacks, biocompatible solvents (deep eutectic solvents (DESs)) are used to stabilize the structure and activity of lysozyme. Consequently, a comprehensive assessment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of two DES solutions—choline chloride–fructose (ChCl/F) and choline chloride–formic acid (ChCl/FA)—on the conformation, thermal stability and enzymatic activity of lysozyme. This was done using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), circular dichroism (CD) measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and activity assays, as a function of DES concentration. ChCl/FA is shown to preserve the structural and thermal stability, and enhance the enzymatic activity of lysozyme, while ChCl/F was shown to destabilize lysozyme. Moreover, high concentrations of both DES solutions weaken the activity of lysozyme. Overall, DESs can be described as potential biocompatible, sustainable media for preservating the stability and activity of lysozyme.

Graphical abstract: Unravelling the influence of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents on lysozyme: a comparative study of fructose and formic acid donors

Supplementary files

Transparent peer review

To support increased transparency, we offer authors the option to publish the peer review history alongside their article.

View this article’s peer review history

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
03 Apr 2025
Accepted
02 Jul 2025
First published
18 Jul 2025
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

RSC Adv., 2025,15, 25483-25496

Unravelling the influence of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents on lysozyme: a comparative study of fructose and formic acid donors

N. Mqoni, S. Sookai, A. Kumar, L. Katata-Seru, F. Mohammad, P. Venkatesu, I. Bahadur and A. A. Soleiman, RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 25483 DOI: 10.1039/D5RA02315G

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements