Issue 23, 2025, Issue in Progress

Development of highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of hydroquinone using a FAD functionalized fluorapatite/SWCNT hybrid composite modified electrode

Abstract

Hydroquinone (HQ) is a toxic and carcinogenic substance commonly used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and various industrial applications. In this study, we report the synthesis of a novel composite material consisting of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) functionalized fluorapatite (FA) combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) (FAD/FA/SWCNT). This composite was prepared through a mechanochemical method using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the dispersing solvent. The resulting composite was then applied on to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical detection of hydroquinone (HQ). The structural morphology and phase of the nanocomposite were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible spectroscopy. Electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry and amperometry, were employed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the surface-modified electrode for hydroquinone (HQ) detection. The FAD/FA/SWCNT biosensor exhibited a redox peak at −0.45 V in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) under blank conditions. The composite demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity, showing an increased current signal in response to HQ detection. The sensor displayed a linear response range from 0.005 μM to 258.2 μM for HQ, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.70 nM. Furthermore, the FAD/FA/SWCNT biosensor successfully detected HQ in spiked water samples, achieving high recovery rates between 100.4% and 103.0%, highlighting its potential for real-world applications.

Graphical abstract: Development of highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of hydroquinone using a FAD functionalized fluorapatite/SWCNT hybrid composite modified electrode

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Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
20 Mar 2025
Accepted
21 May 2025
First published
29 May 2025
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

RSC Adv., 2025,15, 17829-17842

Development of highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for the detection of hydroquinone using a FAD functionalized fluorapatite/SWCNT hybrid composite modified electrode

M. S. Sidhu, G. Sridharan, D. Ganapathy, R. Atchudan, S. Arya, S. H. Mahadevegowda and A. K. Sundramoorthy, RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 17829 DOI: 10.1039/D5RA01981H

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