High β-phase PVDF composite thin films filled with metal (M = Ni, Ag, Co) phosphate-based particles: advanced materials for energy harvesting applications

Abstract

This study demonstrates a systematic approach to developing high-performance poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposites through the strategic incorporation of metal phosphate nanostructures synthesized via distinct methodologies. Ni–P particles were synthesized using hydrothermal processing and Ag–P via a precipitation technique, while Co–P and Co–Pn were prepared through co-precipitation and solvothermal routes, respectively. These diverse synthetic approaches yielded particles with controlled crystallinity, morphology, and surface properties, as verified through comprehensive XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman and SEM. The integration of these nanostructures into the PVDF matrix significantly promoted electroactive β-phase formation, with improvements ranging from 68% to 96%, with optimal transformation typically achieved at 3 wt% loading. Mechanical characterization revealed remarkable property enhancements, with PVDF/3Co–Pn exhibiting an unprecedented 181.83% increase in tensile strength and a 184.76% improvement in Young's modulus. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated substantial thermal stability enhancement, with PVDF/7Ni–P showing a 24.92 °C increase in onset degradation temperature. Ferroelectric measurements indicated that PVDF/7Co–P composites achieved superior remnant polarization with a 200% increase, while PVDF/3Co–P demonstrated optimal maximum polarization with a 75% improvement. Importantly, this research establishes clear correlations between synthesis methodology, resultant nanoparticle characteristics, and composite performance, providing critical insights into structure–property relationships in metal phosphate-PVDF systems. These findings advance the fundamental understanding of interface engineering in polymer nanocomposites and establish design principles for developing advanced materials for flexible electronics, energy storage devices, and sensing technologies.