Validation and optimization of a Prussian blue nanoparticle-based method for efficient detection and removal of lead ions in environmental samples

Abstract

Lead (Pb²⁺) poisoning in water is now a more serious environmental concern than any other, due to its potential toxicity and accumulation in the human body. The Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) effectively removed organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous solution. This study comprehensively investigates the adsorption properties of PBNPs for Pb²⁺ removal, optimizing experimental conditions through various analytical techniques. Key validation parameters—linearity, precision, accuracy, the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), and the method detection limit (MDL)—were assessed. We investigate a comprehensive study focused on the adsorption properties of Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) for Pb²⁺ removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption process was most effective at pH 7.5, achieving an adsorption capacity of 190 mg g⁻¹. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order model with a chemisorption mechanism, while isothermal studies confirmed monolayer adsorption consistent with the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the process is spontaneous and endothermic. The Pb²⁺ concentration was precisely measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), with strong linearity (R² = 0.997), LOQ = 0.179 mg L⁻¹, and LOD = 0.056 mg L⁻¹ for FAAS. These findings show that the PBNPs have a significant potential for effective Pb²⁺ removal and are reusable, making them suitable for eco-friendly remediation applications. Validation parameters confirmed that trace Pb²⁺ levels in environmental samples were accurately and precisely detected. The study emphasizes the high absorption capacity of PBNPs for lead, which was evaluated using different experimental approaches and methodologies.