Issue 8, 2025

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and trypan blue using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized iron oxide nanocomposite

Abstract

Biochar-capped iron oxide nanoparticle functionalized with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) was synthesized and used as photocatalysts for the degradation of malachite green (MG) and trypan blue (TPB) dyes. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the crystalline cubic spinel structure of Fe3O4. HRTEM image shows nanocomposites with an average particle size of 22.4 nm, interplanar spacings of 0.297 nm and 0.245 nm, which correspond to the (220) and (222) planes of Fe3O4. SAED patterns indicate that Fe3O4@BC/APTES nanocomposite is polycrystalline. The energy bandgap of the biochar-capped iron oxide nanoparticles was reduced from 3.47 to 2.85 eV after functionalization with APTES. Photocatalytic degradation potential of the nanocomposite was evaluated with malachite green (MG) and trypan blue (TPB) dyes using the response surface methodology based on the Box–Behnken design (RSM-BDD). The optimal degradation efficiency from RSM-BBD for MG was 99.94% with a catalyst dosage of 7.5 mg, dye concentration of 50 ppm, and pH of 9 for 105 min. The optimum parameters for TPB were found to be a concentration of 30 ppm, a catalyst dosage of 12 mg, a pH of 5, and 85.77% of degradation after 90 min. Reusability studies show that the nanocomposite can be reused five times without significant reduction in the photocatalytic degradation efficiency.

Graphical abstract: Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and trypan blue using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized iron oxide nanocomposite

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
26 Dec 2024
Accepted
14 Feb 2025
First published
26 Feb 2025
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

RSC Adv., 2025,15, 6400-6412

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of malachite green and trypan blue using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized iron oxide nanocomposite

T. B. Mbuyazi and P. A. Ajibade, RSC Adv., 2025, 15, 6400 DOI: 10.1039/D4RA09025J

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