Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS): from basic science to applications

Abstract

Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) epitomize a remarkable phenomenon where two immiscible phases manifest through the amalgamation of at least two water-soluble components at precise concentrations. Revered as an economically sustainable and environmentally harmonious technique for liquid–liquid separation, this method boasts extensive utility in the isolation and refinement of biomolecules, owing to its innate simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with biological systems. The principal aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles governing phase formation in ATPS. It endeavors to elucidate the influential factors dictating this phenomenon and expound upon the construction of phase diagrams, which serve as pivotal tools in comprehending and manipulating ATPS behavior. Furthermore, the article delves into the diverse domains that reap benefits from ATPS applications. These encompass, yet transcend, the extraction of metal ions, elimination of pharmaceutical residues, environmental restoration, strides in biomedical sciences, and the recovery of dyes. In this pursuit, it strives to illuminate the manifold strengths and limitations of ATPS, offering a holistic understanding of its potential and existing challenges.