Nanoconfinement-engineered SnPS3 anodes induced fast electrochemical kinetics for highly reversible sodium-ion storage

Abstract

An innovative SnPS₃@carbon nanofibers (CNFs) composite anode was successfully synthesized through an integrated electrospinning and thermal phosphosulfuration strategy. Comprehensive structural characterization confirms the uniform dispersion of Sn, P, and S elements within a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix, forming an interconnected three-dimensional conductive network. This architecturally optimized design significantly enhances electrical conductivity while providing abundant accessible active sites for efficient sodium ion adsorption and storage. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates exceptional sodium storage performance: the SnPS₃@CNFs anode delivers a remarkable reversible capacity of 448.14 mAh g⁻¹ after 980 cycles at an ultrahigh current density of 10 A g⁻¹, representing an enhancement over conventional SnS₂@CNFs and Sn₄P₃@CNFs counterparts. Furthermore, the full-cell configuration with a Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP) cathode maintains a high reversible capacity of 196.3 mAh g⁻¹ following 200 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹, confirming excellent practical compatibility. The synergistic integration of outstanding cyclability, superior rate capability, and structural integrity establishes this composite as a promising high-performance anode material for next-generation sodium-ion batteries, particularly suited for high-power energy storage applications.