Advances in the Synthesis of Symmetric 1,3,5-Triazines: Catalysis and Mechanistic Pathways

Abstract

Triazines are nitrogen-containing heterocycles that have a variety of applications as building blocks or catalysts in organic synthesis, material science, analytic chemistry, and also in pharmaceuticals. The 1,3,5-triazines, due to their characteristics of C 3 -symmetry, show applications in supramolecular chemistry, including multidimensional crystal engineering, production of nano-coordinated compounds, etc. The synthetic methods for triazine and its derivatives include aerobic oxidation, C-H functionalization, dehydrogenation, cross-cyclotrimerization, ring-closure reactions, and coupling reactions, often in the presence of a base or catalyst. In this review, we have summarised the various methods for the synthesis of 1,3,5-triazines in good to moderate yields. The effects, factors, and applicability of the summarised reactions are also explained wherever possible to provide a detailed insight into the synthesis of the desired s-triazine.