Smart sarcosinate-based catanionic vesicles for efficient doxorubicin delivery in tumor microenvironments

Abstract

Catanionic mixtures, composed of cationic and anionic surfactants, spontaneously form robust self-assembled aggregates whose morphology, size, and surface charge can be tailored by adjusting the surfactant mixing ratio. This straightforward and scalable approach, based on easily obtainable components, offers a versatile and simple platform with high potential for drug delivery. However, developing viable nanocarriers also requires a favorable cytotoxicity profile, high drug loading, and strong bioactivity—features that catanionic vesicles often lack. Here, we present a systematic study of pH-sensitive catanionic vesicles composed of mixtures of the biocompatible, FDA-approved anionic surfactant sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (SLSar) and various cationic double-tailed surfactants (didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and bis-quat 12-s-12 gemini surfactants). The different vesicle systems form spontaneously at low critical aggregation concentrations (≈ 3–30 μmol kg⁻¹), and exhibit a broad range of size distributions, high surface charge (positive and negative), and long-term colloidal stability. Cytotoxicity screening in healthy L929 fibroblasts enabled the selection of highly biocompatible compositions, with gemini/SLSar systems showing superior doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulation efficiency. These vesicles exhibit enhanced DOX release at acidic pH (≈ 6.0), mimicking tumor microenvironments, and demonstrate rapid and efficient uptake in lung carcinoma cells within 30 min, increasing over 3 h. Remarkably, DOX-loaded vesicles achieve potent cytotoxicity at only 5 nM DOX—well below the IC₅₀ of free drug—highlighting enhanced therapeutic efficacy and potential for reduced systemic toxicity. Overall, SLSar-based catanionic vesicles constitute a simple, stable, and tunable nanocarrier platform with significant potential for pH-responsive, low-dose cancer chemotherapy.