Exploring the Electro-Kinetic Behaviour of Naftopidil at Pencil Graphite Electrode Fabricated with Green Synthesized CuO-Fe3O4 Nanocomposites

Abstract

Herein, we proposed a novel green synthesized copper oxide-iron oxide nanocomposite fabricated pencil graphite electrode (CuO-Fe3O4/PGE) for the detection of naftopidil in pharmaceutical samples using cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronocoulometry, square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) and differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV) techniques. The Cassia fistula fruit pulp extract (CFFP extract) was used to synthesize the CuO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite. This approach highlights the potential for utilizing biomass waste materials in the synthesis of nanostructured materials. The crystalline nature and morphology of the synthesized samples were investigated using UV, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, and XPS techniques which confirmed that the rectangle-like monoclinic CuO and spherical-shaped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were observed at low and high magnification. The synthesized CuO-Fe3O4 nanocomposite also exhibits excellent antioxidant and anti-bacterial properties. The naftopidil oxidized electrochemically at CuO-Fe3O4/PGE via involving two electrons and one proton (2e-/H+) and gave one well-defined irreversible oxidative peak in the cyclic voltammograms. The numerous electro-kinetic parameters, such as the electron transfer coefficient (α = 0.588), diffusion coefficient (Do= 4.60×10-6 cm2s-1), and surface coverage (Γo= 1.088×10-10 mol cm-2), were calculated for the oxidation of the naftopidil at CuO-Fe3O4/PGE. The analytical performance of the developed CuO-Fe3O4/PGE is examined to quantify the naftopidil in pharmaceutical samples using SWSV and DPSV methods under the optimized conditions. The reported values of the LOD for the proposed SWSV and DPSV methods were 2.11 μM and 4.21 μM, respectively.