Copper-induced tert-butoxy-substituted terpyridine hydrogel for enhanced peroxidase-like activity and colourimetric glutathione sensing

Abstract

Metal–organic hydrogels (MOHs) have gained prominence as artificial enzymes due to their tunable coordination environments and porous architectures. In particular, copper-based MOHs have exhibited exceptional peroxidase-like activity by mimicking the substrate-binding pockets and redox-active centres of natural enzymes. However, achieving high catalytic efficiency under mild conditions remains a key challenge. Herein, we synthesised a novel tert-butoxy-functionalized terpyridine ligand, 4′-(4-(tert-butoxy)phenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine (L), and engineered a copper-coordinated hydrogel (CuHG) with hierarchical nanofibrous morphology and robust viscoelasticity. CuHG demonstrated superior peroxidase-like activity at pH 4.0, catalysing the H2O2-mediated oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Steady-state kinetic studies revealed its high catalytic efficiency and substrate affinity, with the oxidation mechanism proceeding via Cu2+/Cu+ redox cycling. By capitalising on the selective inhibition of TMB oxidation by glutathione, we developed a rapid colourimetric biosensor with a detection limit of 1.97 μM and high selectivity over interfering biomolecules. This work provides a blueprint for designing enzyme-mimicking MOHs and expands their utility in environmental remediation and point-of-care diagnostics.

Graphical abstract: Copper-induced tert-butoxy-substituted terpyridine hydrogel for enhanced peroxidase-like activity and colourimetric glutathione sensing

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
06 Jun 2025
Accepted
22 Aug 2025
First published
25 Aug 2025

New J. Chem., 2025, Advance Article

Copper-induced tert-butoxy-substituted terpyridine hydrogel for enhanced peroxidase-like activity and colourimetric glutathione sensing

S. Sutradhar, S. Sarma, S. Palo, P. Sarkar, T. K. Sarma and B. N. Ghosh, New J. Chem., 2025, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D5NJ02354H

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