A three-dimensional adamantane-based microporous organic network for removal of trazodone in environmental aqueous samples

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of psychotropic medications has led to their accumulation in the environment, posing significant risks to aquatic organisms. In this study, a three-dimensional adamantane-based microporous organic network (Ad-MON) was synthesized via Sonogashira coupling reactions for adsorption of the psychotropic drug trazodone (TRZ) from aquatic environments. Ad-MON exhibited a high TRZ adsorption capacity of 78.1 mg g⁻¹, achieving adsorption equilibrium within 1 h. It demonstrated strong anti-interference performance under varying pH (6.0–10.0), ionic strength (0–40 mg L⁻¹), and humic acid conditions (0–40 mg L⁻¹). Additionally, it exhibited excellent stability and reusability over eight consecutive cycles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that hydrophobic interactions and π–π stacking were the dominant mechanisms for TRZ adsorption on Ad-MON. This work not only provides a novel strategy for designing TRZ adsorbents but also highlights the potential of Ad-MON for environmental remediation applications.