The rGO@S-CeMgZn nanocomposite: new insights into the selective and simultaneous electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin and acetaminophen in biological fluids

Abstract

The reported research involves the development of an ecofriendly, inexpensive electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity for ciprofloxacin (CP) and acetaminophen (AP) using reduced graphene oxide doped cerium magnesium zinc sulfide (rGO@CMZ) nanocomposites. The structural properties of the developed rGO@CMZ nanocomposite have been evaluated using various analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis and Branauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda analysis. The rGO@CMZ nanocomposite exhibits excellent and good electrical conductivity in the linear range of 1 μM to 50 μM for the electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin (CP) and acetaminophen (AP), respectively, at pH 7, with detection limits of 71 nM and 27 nM, respectively. The GCE/rGO@CMZ electrode electroactive surface area (1.49 cm²) was higher than that of GCE/CMZ electrode (0.88 cm²) and the bare electrode (0.36 cm²). The rGO@CMZ nanocomposite modified GCE electrode exhibits excellent reproducibility and repeatability, exceptional selectivity and long-term stability. In addition, GCE/rGO@CMZ was successfully applied for the electrochemical detection of ciprofloxacin and acetaminophen in biological samples such as urine and saliva. Therefore, the developed GCE/rGO@CMZ modified electrode has potential application in a sensor for the determination of ciprofloxacin and acetaminophen in various matrices.