Issue 25, 2025

Inorganic–organic hybrid copper phosphate nanoflower coated with an upper rim tetra-imidazolyl-phenanthroline derivatized calix[4]arene: synthesis, characterization and its application as a peroxidase mimic catalyst

Abstract

An upper rim tetra-imidazolyl-phenanthroline derivatized calix[4]arene conjugate (L) was synthesized and characterized using different analytical, spectral, microscopic and diffraction techniques. The incubation of L with CuSO4·5H2O in PBS buffer (20 mM) for 1 h resulted in the formation of a nanoflower material. The L-coated copper phosphate nanoflowers (L@CuPNFs) were characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and microscopy techniques. The peroxidase mimetic activity of L@CuPNFs was assessed, and the results were compared with those of unmodified CuPNFs as a control. The peroxidase activity was demonstrated using three different substrates, viz., tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), ortho-phenylenediamine (OPD) and guaiacol. The progress of the oxidation reaction of the model substrates in the presence of L@CuPNFs and H2O2 was demonstrated through absorption spectra measured as a function of time. The changes could be qualitatively gauged from the observed visual colour variation. The oxidized species were identified by measuring the ESI-MS spectrum of the reaction mixture. The rate of oxidation of these substrates in the presence of H2O2 was higher when L@CuPNFs were used as a catalyst, and this was much greater than the reaction rate observed with the unmodified CuPNF, which was not coated with L. All these results confirmed that the coating of L enhanced the peroxidase mimetic activity of the nanoflowers.

Graphical abstract: Inorganic–organic hybrid copper phosphate nanoflower coated with an upper rim tetra-imidazolyl-phenanthroline derivatized calix[4]arene: synthesis, characterization and its application as a peroxidase mimic catalyst

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Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
13 Feb 2025
Accepted
19 May 2025
First published
21 May 2025
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

New J. Chem., 2025,49, 10632-10640

Inorganic–organic hybrid copper phosphate nanoflower coated with an upper rim tetra-imidazolyl-phenanthroline derivatized calix[4]arene: synthesis, characterization and its application as a peroxidase mimic catalyst

S. K. Dinda, S. Areti and C. P. Rao, New J. Chem., 2025, 49, 10632 DOI: 10.1039/D5NJ00629E

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