Synthesis and characterization of dodecylamine-capped ultrasmall metallic palladium nanoparticles (2 nm)

Abstract

Dodecylamine-coated ultrasmall palladium nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of dichlorido(1,5-cyclooctadiene)palladium(II) with tert.-butylamine borane in benzene. The synthesis yielded several tens of milligrams per batch. The nature of the metal core as well of the ligand shell was elucidated by a combination of complementary methods. The particles had a diameter of about 2 nm (metallic core; by small angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy) and a hydrodynamic diameter of about 5.4 nm (by 1H-NMR DOSY in benzene). They were easily dispersible in organic solvents. The ligand shell was thoroughly investigated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy in dispersion, giving about 170 ligand molecules on the surface of each 2 nm particle. X-ray powder diffraction (Rietveld refinement) and total-scattering pair distribution function analysis (PDF) showed metallic palladium nanoparticles with a crystallite size of about 2 nm, indicating a mostly single-domain nature of the nanoparticle core. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed metallic nanoparticles but detected also oxidized palladium species.