Activation energy of aluminate dissolution in metakaolin: MLFF-accelerated DFT study of vdW and hydration shell effects

Abstract

This research utilizes computational chemistry to investigate the complex mechanisms driving the dissolution of thermally activated metakaolin (MK) clay, a key supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in the manufacturing of concrete and geopolymer-based materials, thereby contributing to a reduced carbon footprint. A thorough exploration of the dissolution process is fundamental for fully understanding its pozzolanic reactivity. Expanding on our recent investigations into SiO₄⁴⁻ dissolution in MK, this work addresses critical data gaps in understanding the dissolution behavior of aluminate species. The findings complement essential input for microscopic forward dissolution rate computations using the atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) upscaling approach. To this end, the study calculates the atomistic activation energy (ΔE_a) of aluminate species at the transition state for the hydrolysis reaction using machine learning force fields (MLFF) based on density functional theory (DFT) and the improved dimer method (IDM) under far-from-equilibrium conditions, focusing on three activators: NaOH, KOH, and water. The analysis explores both the presence and absence of van der Waals (vdW) interactions, along with varying geometric configurations of hydration shells surrounding cations (Na⁺, K⁺) and the hydroxide anion (OH⁻). The findings indicate that KOH generally exhibits lower ΔE_a than NaOH, especially when vdW interactions are considered. Moreover, the findings emphasize that reduced hydration shells around KOH and NaOH lead to lower ΔE_a for the dissolution of aluminate species.