Electronic paramagnetic resonance analysis of point defects in lithium niobate: progress and prospects

Abstract

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystals, renowned for their exceptional piezoelectric, electro-optic, and nonlinear optical properties, are indispensable in photonic applications such as optical communication, integrated optics, and laser technology. However, the performance of LiNbO3-based devices is fundamentally limited by point defects. Consequently, elucidating the mechanisms underlying point defect formation and achieving precise control over defect engineering have emerged as critical research priorities. Although conventional characterization techniques face inherent limitations in directly resolving the microstructures of point defects, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has proven to be a pivotal analytical tool for the non-destructive characterization of paramagnetic defects, driving significant advancements in LiNbO3 defect research. This article summarizes the intrinsic and impurity defects that significantly affect the optoelectronic properties of LiNbO3 crystals. Firstly, it elucidates the primary types of point defects, their microstructural characteristics, and their impacts on material properties. Subsequently, it highlights the advancements in EPR technology for studying point defects and provides an in-depth analysis of its advantages in defect analysis. Finally, it proposes the future concerns of studying point defects in LiNbO3 crystals using EPR technology.

Graphical abstract: Electronic paramagnetic resonance analysis of point defects in lithium niobate: progress and prospects

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Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
08 Jul 2025
Accepted
11 Aug 2025
First published
13 Aug 2025
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

Mater. Adv., 2025, Advance Article

Electronic paramagnetic resonance analysis of point defects in lithium niobate: progress and prospects

H. Qin, X. Chen, J. Zhang, Y. Song, L. Zhang, Q. Liu, F. Wang, D. Wang, Y. Sang and H. Liu, Mater. Adv., 2025, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D5MA00721F

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