Immobilization of pyrene-tagged metal complexes onto solid supports by π-stacking interactions: syntheses and applications

Abstract

This review explores the development of metal complexes, based on their metal center, immobilized non-covalently onto diverse supports through functional anchors such as pyrene fragments. Additionally, it covers novel synthesis strategies and presents various practical applications, such as biosensors and biofuels, and generally industrial applications. Since pyrene fragments play a key role in the structure of these metal complexes, their significant effects on functionality are highlighted. Not only the number of pyrene fragments but also numerous supports, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNT), edge-plane graphite (EPG), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), pyrene-modified gold (Au), and indium tin oxide (ITO), can have a significant influence due to their extraordinary properties. Furthermore, it indicates how a non-covalent interaction between the pyrene fragment and the solid support can provide an efficient catalyst through π-stacking interactions compared to its homogeneous counterpart. In order to reduce leaching, maintain activity and selectivity, and improve recyclability, both homogeneous and heterogeneous properties are combined together in this approach.