In vitro scratch assay, cytotoxicity, DNA/BSA binding properties, and antimicrobial activity of green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles via neem flowers

Abstract

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) were prepared using an extract from Azadirachta indica (Neem) flowers. Their properties were examined using UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy, while their crystallinity was assessed through pXRD analysis. Their shape, size, and morphology were further studied using FESEM and TEM techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the anatase phase of the nanoparticles. TEM results indicated particle sizes in the range of 20 to 30 nm. The EDAX spectrum confirms the presence of both titanium and oxygen in the sample. The TiO₂ NPs demonstrated significant biological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic properties. Their antioxidant activity exhibited effective IC₅₀ values, while antimicrobial studies indicated strong activity against pathogens. Additionally, the nanoparticles showed significant binding affinity toward DNA and BSA, highlighting their potential for biomedical applications. Cytotoxicity tests on normal HEK-293 cell lines revealed minimal toxicity, suggesting suitability for further clinical research. In vitro scratch assays were carried out with L929 fibroblast cells which show significant cell migration and proliferation. The present study concludes that TiO₂ NPs have potential for diverse applications, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and bioengineering uses.