Patient-Derived Organotypic Tumor Spheroids, Tumoroids, and Organoids: Advancing Immunotherapy Using State-of-the-Art 3D Tumor Model Systems

Abstract

Preclinical ex vivo models capable of probing patient-specific tumor-immune interactions are particularly attractive candidates for interrogating mechanisms of resistance, developing predictors of response as well as assessing next-generation immunotherapeutics. By maintaining features of a patient’s own tumor microenvironment, such patient-derived ex vivo models are poised to meaningfully contribute to the functional assessment of individual tumors to provide a tailored approach to treatment. Among contemporary ex vivo models, patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroids (PDOTS) have emerged as a promising microfluidic-based platform that is well positioned to become a useful tool for precision medicine efforts. The advantages and limitations of PDOTS and related state-of-the-art patient-derived tumor models, as well as ongoing challenges facing the clinical implementation of patient-derived ex vivo tumor models, are reviewed.

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Article information

Article type
Critical Review
Submitted
18 Jan 2025
Accepted
02 Jun 2025
First published
04 Jun 2025

Lab Chip, 2025, Accepted Manuscript

Patient-Derived Organotypic Tumor Spheroids, Tumoroids, and Organoids: Advancing Immunotherapy Using State-of-the-Art 3D Tumor Model Systems

D. J. Bozym, D. X. Zheng, O. Revach, A. Aref and R. W. Jenkins, Lab Chip, 2025, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D5LC00062A

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