A Comprehensive Review of Competitive Lateral Flow Assays Over the Past Decade

Abstract

Competitive lateral flow assays (LFAs) provide a versatile and cost-effective platform for detecting a wide range of molecular targets across fields such as healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring, particularly for small analytes or single epitopes that lack suitable bioreceptor pairs. However, the interpretation of competitive LFAs can be challenging due to their counterintuitive output, where the absence of a test line signifies the presence of the target. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the fundamental strategies underlying competitive LFAs, explore the mathematical models that quantify assay performance, and outline the critical parameters involved in their design and optimization. We further highlight notable applications and discuss methods to enhance the user experience through improved result interpretation and user-centric design. By consolidating current knowledge and best practices, this work will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and developers seeking to refine the usability, reliability, and effectiveness of competitive LFAs.