Chitin Nanowhiskers from Diverse Biomasses: The Role of Feedstock in Material Properties

Abstract

Chitin nanowhiskers (ChNWs) are increasingly recognized for their potential in bio-based nanomaterials, yet a comprehensive understanding of how biomass source affects nanowhisker properties remains limited. In this study, a single-step ionic liquid pulping method was applied to isolate ChNWs from shrimp shells, squid pens, crab and lobster shell mixtures, black soldier fly larvae, and commercial chitin. Characterization via TEM, pXRD, FTIR, and TGA revealed significant differences in morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability, attributable to chitin polymorphs and the structural organization of the native matrices. Insect-derived ChNWs exhibited the highest crystallinity and aspect ratios, while squid-derived β-chitin nanowhiskers showed a broader length distribution and reduced thermal stability. These findings emphasize the importance of biomass origin in tailoring ChNW properties and provide a unified platform for selecting regionally available feedstocks in the design of next-generation chitin-based materials. A structure–property framework for diverse chitin sources under consistent processing conditions is established, offering a strategic pathway for sustainable and localized biopolymer valorization.