Recent advancements in catalytic CO2 conversion to methanol: strategies, innovations, and future directions

Abstract

The catalytic conversion of CO₂ to methanol is a critical strategy for mitigating CO₂ emissions and producing sustainable chemical feedstocks. This comprehensive review examines the latest advancements in catalytic methodologies, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic approaches. We critically assess the strengths, challenges, and industrial potential of these methods, with a particular focus on thermocatalysis using Cu-based catalysts. Innovations in catalyst optimization, such as particle size regulation, surface modification, and active site distribution, are also examined. The review further explores the potential of advanced materials like metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, and single-atom catalysts, which offer enhanced adsorption capacity, conductivity, and catalytic efficiency. Synergistic systems that integrate electrocatalysis and photocatalysis are discussed, emphasizing the role of renewable energy in boosting efficiency and sustainability. Emerging concepts, including dynamic catalysis, AI-driven catalyst discovery, and novel design strategies, are reviewed to address scalability challenges. This review aims to provide valuable insights and guide future research towards advancing sustainable methanol production, thereby contributing to a circular carbon economy.