Two-Dimensional materials for high-current-density seawater electrolysis

Abstract

Seawater electrolysis is a promising strategy for sustainable hydrogen production using abundant water resources while reducing freshwater depletion. However achieving stable and efficient operation at industrially relevant current densities remains challenging due to competition from the chlorine evolution reaction (CER) catalyst degradation and mass transport limitations. Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer tunable electronic structures high surface areas and unique charge transport properties yet their stability and catalytic mechanisms under high current densities remain insufficiently understood. Existing studies focus on compositional tuning and surface modifications but lack a systematic understanding of how 2D architectures influence reaction kinetics charge transfer and long-term durability. This review critically analyzes the role of 2D materials in high-current-density seawater electrolysis emphasizing their structural and electronic properties catalytic mechanisms and stability. Unlike previous reviews that broadly discuss 2D materials for water electrolysis this work highlights their challenges and opportunities under industrial conditions. We classify 2D materials into metal oxides hydroxides sulfides phosphides carbides nitrides and other emerging compounds examining their catalytic properties and electrochemical durability while identifying key factors that optimize performance. These insights are essential for guiding the development of more efficient and durable 2D catalysts for seawater electrolysis in sustainable hydrogen production.