Advances in paired electrolysis for furfural conversion: from design principle, mechanisms to perspectives

Abstract

As a crucial biomass derivative, furfural (FF) can be converted into various high value-added chemicals in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner through electrocatalytic technology. Compared to individual anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction reactions, paired electrolysis enhances both atom and energy efficiency, theoretically reaching a current efficiency of 200% by simultaneously driving oxidation and reduction processes. Herein, this review systematically summarizes the progress of paired electrocatalysis as an innovative approach for converting FF into high-value chemicals. This approach primarily encompasses diverse design schemes and novel paired systems, demonstrating its potential to achieve sustainable and efficient biomass valorization. Furthermore, the principles of paired electrolysis are elucidated through a comprehensive comparison of catalysts and reaction pathways for yield enhancement. Future research directions and development trends for FF and related compounds are thoroughly discussed. The current challenges and perspectives in paired electrolysis for FF conversion are also proposed. By establishing a fundamental framework for designing effective paired electrocatalysis systems, this work emphasizes energy-efficient methods rooted in green chemistry principles to transform FF into high-value products. Through critical evaluation of existing technologies and emerging trends, this review aims to guide future research toward sustainable development and provide impactful directions for renewable resource utilization.