Combined crystallographic study of king scallop (Pecten maximus) shells using SEM, EBSD and Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

The shells of Pecten maximus (king scallop) are composed primarily of polycrystalline calcitic calcium carbonate, with a crucial aragonitic prismatic myostracum layer that facilitates soft tissue attachment and contributes to mechanical strength. Despite its importance, the impact of environmental stressors, such as metal contamination, on the myostracum remains underexplored. Hence, this study aims to investigate the microstructure and crystallography of king scallop shells, particularly the myostracum region, using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. This approach was chosen to develop new protocols that integrate imaging techniques for a systematic analysis of pollution effects on shell growth and properties. Understanding these effects is essential for evaluating how environmental contamination alters shell structure and composition. We analyzed shells from a metal contaminated site and a non-contaminated site around the Isle of Man, to determine detectable structural and crystallographic differences. SEM imaging showed a similar myostracum organization in specimens from both sites, characteriwed by elongated, oriented grains. However, shells from the non-contaminated site exhibited more regular and elongated grains, whereas those from the contaminated site showed a broader grain size distribution. EBSD analysis confirmed that both types exhibited well-crystallized aragonite in the myostracum, with slight differences in grain orientation and grain size with co-orientation indicating a marginal difference in crystallographic alignment. Raman maps reveal shifts in peak positions, indicating crystallite strain and differences in grain size. These variations may be related to a biological adaptation aimed at toughening the shell, but pollution might disrupt this crystallization process, weakening the shell. The combination of these techniques can advance our understanding of the microstructural alterations caused by metal contamination, highlighting its potential impact on the structural integrity of the shell. This study is a proof of principle study showing how a combination of different established imaging techniques can provide complementary and novel insights into the structure and composition of the king scallop myostracum. This systematic approach aims to develop new evaluation approaches for the study of the effects of environmental pollutants on the crystallography and microstructure of marine bivalve shells and hence their resilience.