Iron and Manganese Removal from Groundwater: Comprehensive Review of Filter Media Performance and Pathways to Polyfunctional Applications

Abstract

Drinking water quality is a key factor in public health and the long-term operation of water supply systems. The article considers topical issues of iron and manganese removal from underground water, since exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations of iron and manganese negatively affects the organoleptic properties of water and causes corrosion of pipelines and clogging of water supply systems. The work covers the main criteria for selecting filter materials, including their physicochemical parameters, resistance to pollution, and durability. An analysis of existing filter media of natural, synthetic, and modified origin, such as quartz sand, activated carbon, anthracite, zeolite, and catalytic materials with manganese oxides, is carried out. Particular attention is paid to modern methods of modifying materials that improve their adsorption properties and increase the efficiency of iron and manganese removal. The findings emphasize the promise of using modified filter materials made from inexpensive or recycled waste. Such technologies can reduce water treatment costs and environmental impact and ensure high purification efficiency. The presented results and recommendations may be useful in developing new materials and technologies for water treatment.