Barrier layer design reduces top electrode ion migration in perovskite solar cells

Saivineeth Penukula; Megh N. Khanal; Mohin Sharma; Mritunjaya Parashar; Ross A. Kerner; Min Chen; Melissa A. Davis; Rafikul Ali Saha; Eduardo Solano; Maarten B. J. Roeffaers; Joseph J. Berry; Joseph M. Luther; Julian A. Steele; Axel Palmstrom; Vincent R. Whiteside; Bibhudutta Rout; Ian R. Sellers; Nicholas Rolston

doi:10.1039/D5EL00051C

Barrier layer design reduces top electrode ion migration in perovskite solar cells†

Saivineeth Penukula,

^a Megh N. Khanal,^b Mohin Sharma,

^c Mritunjaya Parashar,

^c Ross A. Kerner,

^d Min Chen,^d Melissa A. Davis,^d Rafikul Ali Saha,^e Eduardo Solano,

^f Maarten B. J. Roeffaers,

^e Joseph J. Berry,^dgh Joseph M. Luther,

^dh Julian A. Steele,

^ij Axel Palmstrom,^d Vincent R. Whiteside,^b Bibhudutta Rout,

^c Ian R. Sellers^b and Nicholas Rolston

*^a

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Renewable Energy Materials and Devices Lab, School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering (ECEE), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, USA
E-mail: nicholas.rolston@asu.edu

^b Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo SUNY, Buffalo, 230 Davis Hall, New York 14260, USA

^c Department of Physics, Ion Beam Laboratory, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA

^d National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA

^e cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium

^f NCD-SWEET Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

^g Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

^h Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

ⁱ Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia

^j School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

Abstract

We report on an examination of mobile ion concentration (N₀) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as a function of temperature and device architecture. We find that lower initial N₀ is correlated to devices with higher thermal performance through in situ measurements up to 450 K. Changes in N₀ are observed upon thermal aging and are impacted by the changes made at the electron collecting interface. We examine the extent to which various top electrode materials (Ag, Au, carbon) impact N₀ as well as the effects of tin oxide (SnO₂) or an ozone-nucleated SnO₂ (O₃–SnO₂) barrier layer between the ETL and top electrode. Upon thermal aging, we confirm the involvement of Ag ion diffusion through the ETL dependent on the device details. We are able to quantify the degree to which Ag ions migrate or are blocked from migrating into the underlying device layers in the PSC stack. X-ray scattering shows improved suppression of the degradation products formed in the bulk of the perovskite when a blocking layer, particularly the O₃–SnO₂ is employed.

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Barrier layer design reduces top electrode ion migration in perovskite solar cells†

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