Enhanced interfacial Zn2+ desolvation kinetics by a π-electron-rich Janus catalyst for robust Zn–metal batteries

Abstract

The application of zinc–metal-based batteries is hindered by the low thermodynamic stability of zinc anodes and the sluggish desolvation kinetics of the interfacial [Zn(H2O)6]2+ complex, which can induce serious side reactions and exacerbate dendrite formation. Herein, an innovative catalytic desolvation mechanism is proposed to manipulate the interfacial solvation structure by engineering a π-electron-rich (C[double bond, length as m-dash]O/C[double bond, length as m-dash]N configurations) covalent organic polymer (COP) layer as an interfacial catalyst. It was revealed that the π-electrons can trigger dissociation of the [Zn(H2O)6]2+ complex through an ortho-synergistic reaction process, which includes a nucleophilic reaction between electron-accepting C atoms at C[double bond, length as m-dash]O/C[double bond, length as m-dash]N sites and H2O molecules and an electrophilic reaction between electron-donating sites near O and N heteroatoms and Zn2+. In situ characterization analysis combined with advanced theoretical calculations confirmed that such a catalytic desolvation process can dynamically induce contact ion pairs and aggregate dominated interfacial solvation structures, boosting Zn2+ diffusion and deposition kinetics. Consequently, suppressed side reactions and homogenous (002)-crystal-preferred Zn2+ deposition can be simultaneously achieved. Therefore, an excellent cycling lifespan of 2500 h was obtained for the symmetric Zn cell and an ultra-stable cycling lifespan of 28 000 cycles for full cells. We believe that this catalytic desolvation strategy will pave a new avenue in the interfacial design of Zn anodes.

Graphical abstract: Enhanced interfacial Zn2+ desolvation kinetics by a π-electron-rich Janus catalyst for robust Zn–metal batteries

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
13 Mar 2025
Accepted
10 Jun 2025
First published
17 Jun 2025

Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, Advance Article

Enhanced interfacial Zn2+ desolvation kinetics by a π-electron-rich Janus catalyst for robust Zn–metal batteries

Y. Zuo, Z. Wang, M. Liu, L. Lu, Y. Jiang, J. Lei, H. Yan, H. Li, W. Yan and J. Zhang, Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D5EE01472G

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