All-solid-state batteries stabilized with electro-mechano-mediated phosphorus anodes

Abstract

Aggressive anodes like Li metal and silicon promise high-energy, all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) but are restricted by dendritic lithium growth. Ideally, anodes should inherently resist dendritic growth while offering high specific energy. Herein, we describe a class of resource-abundant and dendrite-resistant phosphorus anodes for high-areal-capacity, all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). This is achieved by leveraging phosphorus's well-balanced redox potential which thermodynamically mitigates lithium plating while offering high energy. Importantly, we present an electro-mechano-mediation strategy based on compositing engineering to simultaneously promote the charge transport and chemo-mechanical behavior of the phosphorus electrode. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrated a P/Sb anode wherein the Sb/LixSb filler – mixed conducting, stiff, and low-volume-breathing – not only promotes percolated electron/ion transport (electro-mediation effect), but also constrains the volume changes of P/Li3P and suppresses crack formation in the electrode (mechano-mediation effect). Impressively, the anode delivers 340 mA h g−1 at an extreme rate of 30C (90 mA cm−2, 60 °C), and shows remarkable stability retaining 64.0% capacity after 10 000 cycles at 10C. Furthermore, full cells loaded with 53.5 mg cmLiCoO2−2 deliver a high areal capacity of 6.4 mA h cm−2 at C/5 and retain 90.0% capacity over 800 cycles at C/2 (25 °C). Our work represents a unique perspective for exploiting high-capacity, dendrite-resistant anode materials which are resourcefully sustainable but have been historically deemed unsuitable for high-energy all-solid-state batteries.

Graphical abstract: All-solid-state batteries stabilized with electro-mechano-mediated phosphorus anodes

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
03 Dec 2024
Accepted
16 May 2025
First published
01 Jul 2025

Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, Advance Article

All-solid-state batteries stabilized with electro-mechano-mediated phosphorus anodes

K. Shen, X. Yao, H. Song, W. Shi, C. Zheng, X. Hong, Y. Yan, X. Liu, L. Zhu, Y. An, T. Song, M. B. Shafqat, C. Ma, L. Zheng, P. Gao, Y. Liu, M. Safari, Y. Zhao and Q. Pang, Energy Environ. Sci., 2025, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4EE05704J

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements