Complex hyperfine-fine structure overlapping in the microwave spectrum of 3,4-lutidine

Abstract

The microwave spectrum of 3,4-lutidine was measured using two pulsed molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometers in the 2.0–20.0 GHz frequency range to investigate the effects of two inequivalent methyl internal rotations and ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole coupling. Rotational transitions were observed as complex multiplets due to the combined influence of methyl torsion fine splittings and ¹⁴N hyperfine splittings. A total of 680 transitions were assigned and fitted using the XIAM program, yielding a standard deviation close to measurement accuracy. Quantum chemical calculations at various levels of theory, including B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(d,p) and MP2/6-311++G(d,p), provided reliable estimates of rotational constants to guide the spectral assignment. The barriers to methyl internal rotation were determined to be 510 cm⁻¹ for the meta methyl group and 426 cm⁻¹ for the para methyl group. Unlike in other xylene derivatives with adjacent meta–para methyl groups, where the para barrier is typically higher, the reversal observation in 3,4-lutidine is attributed to the strong meta-directing effect of the nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring, which enhances electron density at the meta position. A comparative analysis with structurally related molecules highlights the interplay between steric and electrostatic effects in determining methyl torsional barriers.