Assessment of a Foundational Machine-Learned Potential for Energy Ranking of Molecular Crystal Polymorphs

Abstract

First-principles crystal structure prediction (CSP) of isolable polymorphs of organic compounds is a grand challenge in computational chemistry. The adoption of dispersion-correction density-functional theory (DFT) has allowed great strides to be made in the accuracy of the final energy ranking of candidate crystal structures. Consequently, CSP methods are seeing increasing use in development of new pharmaceuticals, organic electronics, energetic materials, and pigments, among other applications. However, lower-cost methods, such as classical force-field potentials, are still necessary for the early stages of CSP, where hundreds of thousands of candidates are commonly generated. Recently developed foundational machine-learned potentials represent a seductive alternative to force fields for this purpose due to their promise of near-DFT accuracy at a vastly reduced computational cost. In this work, the performance of the MACE-OFF23(M) machine-learned potential is assessed for geometry optimisation and energy ranking of candidate crystal structures of 28 compounds from the first seven CSP blind tests, as well as 12 helicene compounds. The performance of MACE-OFF23(M) is found to be highly dependent on the particular compound, providing good accuracy for compounds similar to those in its training set, but failing dramatically for compounds containing unusual functional groups (such as diazo) and organic salts. Physically motivated inclusion of long-range electrostatic interactions remains an open problem for development of foundational machine-learned potentials.