Microbial Therapeutics for Cancer: Emerging Strategies and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Advancements in synthetic biology and nanotechnology have propelled engineered microorganisms to the forefront as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. These microorganisms possess unique advantages, such as rapid proliferation, ease of genetic manipulation, and intrinsic tumor-targeting properties. Upon colonization of tumor sites, they can be programmed to release therapeutic agents or immunomodulatory factors, thereby remodeling the tumor microenvironment and enhancing antitumor efficacy. When integrated with nanotechnology and smart control systems, engineered microorganisms enable precise drug delivery and spatiotemporal regulation of therapeutic functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the design, functionalization, and biomedical applications of engineered microorganisms in oncology. The article focuses on cutting-edge strategies, such as genetic editing and surface modification, to enhance microbial specificity, immunocompatibility, and therapeutic potential. It systematically discusses the applications of these microorganisms across various treatment modalities, emphasizing their capacity to boost immune responses and deliver drugs with high precision. Moreover, this review critically examines the current challenges that impede clinical translation and underscores the necessity of interdisciplinary integration. Collectively, engineered microorganisms represent a transformative approach in the development of next-generation cancer therapies, offering innovative solutions to overcome the limitations of conventional treatment paradigms and paving the way for personalized, adaptive oncological interventions.