2D Nanozymes: Bioinspired Innovations for Healthcare and Environmental Applications

Abstract

Natural enzymes are the driving force behind essential biochemical reactions in vitro and in vivo, celebrated for their unmatched catalytic efficiency, remarkable bioactivity, and pinpoint accuracy. Yet, their practical application is constrained by prohibitive costs, limited stability, and low reusability. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have emerged as promising nanozymes, mimicking enzyme functions through their unique properties, including atomic-scale thickness, high surface area, and tunable electronic structures. These features enable superior stability, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability for diverse biomedical and environmental applications. This article examines recent advancements in 2D nanomaterials functionalized with metallic nanoparticles, single atoms, metal oxides, quantum dots, etc. focusing on their catalytic mechanisms, enzyme-mimetic activities, and synthesis methods. It will delve into biomedical applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, therapeutic diagnostics, and oxidative stress management, alongside environmental uses including pollutant sensing and remediation strategies. Future directions for developing robust 2D nanozymes to tackle challenges in healthcare and environmental sustainability will also be highlighted.