Evaluation of laser-induced graphene for skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications

Abstract

This study explores the potential of laser-induced graphene (LIG) as a conductive, biocompatible material for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications. Using laser irradiation, polyimide (PI) substrates were transformed into highly graphitic, porous LIG with a distinct fibril morphology and surface topography. Characterization analyses, including Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirmed the graphitic nature of LIG, while electrical conductivity measurements indicated a value of 5.8 ± 0.2 S cm⁻¹, with the surface demonstrating hydrophobicity (contact angle of 95.3° ± 1.9°). Biocompatibility tests using the C2C12 myoblast cell line showed high cell viability and alignment along the laser-induced pattern of LIG, an attribute essential for muscle tissue engineering. Cells cultured on LIG demonstrated progressive proliferation and expression of myogenic markers under reduced serum conditions, indicating the ability of LIG to support myogenic differentiation. These findings highlight LIG as a promising biomaterial that combines bioelectrical functionality with structural support, offering new avenues for developing advanced microsystems interacting with cells, leading to novel tissue engineering solutions for muscle repair and regeneration.