Barium ion sensing with IPG K+ molecular probes

R. L. Miller; N. Byrnes; C. G. Cameron; A. J. Carlson; E. Dey; R. Madigan; J. Medina; S. Melancon; K. E. Navarro; F. W. Foss; B. J. P. Jones; C. Adams; H. Almazán; V. Alvarez; A. I. Aranburu; L. Arazi; I. J. Arnquist; F. Auria-Luna; S. Ayet; C. D. R. Azevedo; K. Bailey; F. Ballester; J. E. Barcelon; M. del Barrio-Torregrosa; A. Bayo; J. M. Benlloch-Rodriguez; F. I. G. M. Borges; A. Brodolin; A. Castillo; E. Church; L. Cid; C. A. N. Conde; C. Cortes-Parra; F. P. Cossío; R. Coupe; P. Dietz; C. Echevarria; M. Elorza; R. Esteve; R. Felkai; L. M. P. Fernandes; P. Ferrario; Z. Freixa; J. García-Barrena; J. J. Gómez-Cadenas; J. W. R. Grocott; R. Guenette; J. Hauptman; C. A. O. Henriques; J. A. Hernando Morata; P. Herrero-Gómez; V. Herrero; C. Hervés Carrete; Y. Ifergan; F. Kellerer; L. Larizgoitia; A. Larumbe; P. Lebrun; F. Lopez; N. López-March; R. D. P. Mano; A. Marauri; A. P. Marques; J. Martín-Albo; A. Martínez; G. Martínez-Lema; M. Martínez-Vara; K. Mistry; J. Molina-Canteras; F. Monrabal; C. M. B. Monteiro; F. J. Mora; P. Novella; D. R. Nygren; E. Oblak; J. Palacio; B. Palmeiro; A. Para; I. Parmaksiz; A. Pazos; J. Pelegrin; M. Pérez Maneiro; M. Querol; J. Renner; I. Rivilla; C. Rogero; L. Rogers; B. Romeo; C. Romo-Luque; E. Ruiz-Choliz; P. Saharia; F. P. Santos; J. M. F. dos Santos; M. Seemann; I. Shomroni; A. L. M. Silva; P. A. O. C. Silva; A. Simón; S. R. Soleti; M. Sorel; J. Soto-Oton; J. M. R. Teixeira; S. Teruel-Pardo; J. F. Toledo; C. Tonnelé; S. Torelli; J. Torrent; A. Trettin; P. R. G. Valle; M. Vanga; J. F. C. A. Veloso; J. D. Villamil; J. Waiton; A. Yubero-Navarro

doi:10.1039/D5AN00577A

Barium ion sensing with IPG K⁺ molecular probes

R. L. Miller,

^a N. Byrnes,^b C. G. Cameron,

^a A. J. Carlson,^a E. Dey,^b R. Madigan,^a J. Medina,^a S. Melancon,^a K. E. Navarro,

^b F. W. Foss, Jr.,

*^a B. J. P. Jones,*^b C. Adams,†^c H. Almazán,^d V. Alvarez,^e A. I. Aranburu,^d L. Arazi,^f I. J. Arnquist,^g F. Auria-Luna,

^h S. Ayet,

ⁱ C. D. R. Azevedo,^j K. Bailey,^c F. Ballester,^e J. E. Barcelon,^d M. del Barrio-Torregrosa,

^dk A. Bayo,^l J. M. Benlloch-Rodriguez,^d F. I. G. M. Borges,^m A. Brodolin,^dn A. Castillo,^d E. Church,^g L. Cid,^l C. A. N. Conde,‡^m C. Cortes-Parra,ⁱ F. P. Cossío,

^h R. Coupe,^o P. Dietz,

^d C. Echevarria,^d M. Elorza,^dk R. Esteve,^e R. Felkai,§^f L. M. P. Fernandes,

^p P. Ferrario,¶^dq Z. Freixa,^rq J. García-Barrena,^e J. J. Gómez-Cadenas,^dq J. W. R. Grocott,^o R. Guenette,^o J. Hauptman,^s C. A. O. Henriques,^p J. A. Hernando Morata,^t P. Herrero-Gómez,

^u V. Herrero,^e C. Hervés Carrete,^t Y. Ifergan,^f F. Kellerer,ⁱ L. Larizgoitia,^dk A. Larumbe,^h P. Lebrun,^v F. Lopez,^d N. López-March,ⁱ R. D. P. Mano,^p A. Marauri,^h A. P. Marques,^m J. Martín-Albo,ⁱ A. Martínez,^e G. Martínez-Lema,^f M. Martínez-Vara,ⁱ K. Mistry,^b J. Molina-Canteras,

^h F. Monrabal,

^dq C. M. B. Monteiro,^p F. J. Mora,^e P. Novella,ⁱ D. R. Nygren,^b E. Oblak,^d J. Palacio,^l B. Palmeiro,^o A. Para,^v I. Parmaksiz,^b A. Pazos,

^r J. Pelegrin,^d M. Pérez Maneiro,^t M. Querol,ⁱ J. Renner,ⁱ I. Rivilla,

^hd C. Rogero,ⁿ L. Rogers,^c B. Romeo,||^d C. Romo-Luque,**ⁱ E. Ruiz-Choliz,

^l P. Saharia,ⁱ F. P. Santos,^m J. M. F. dos Santos,^p M. Seemann,^dk I. Shomroni,^u A. L. M. Silva,^j P. A. O. C. Silva,^p A. Simón,ⁱ S. R. Soleti,^dq M. Sorel,ⁱ J. Soto-Oton,ⁱ J. M. R. Teixeira,

^p S. Teruel-Pardo,ⁱ J. F. Toledo,^e C. Tonnelé,

^d S. Torelli,^d J. Torrent,^dw A. Trettin,^o P. R. G. Valle,^dr M. Vanga,

^a J. F. C. A. Veloso,^j J. D. Villamil,

ⁱ J. Waiton^o and A. Yubero-Navarro^dk

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
E-mail: ffoss@uta.edu

^b Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
E-mail: ben.jones@uta.edu

^c Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA

^d Donostia International Physics Center, BERC Basque Excellence Research Centre, Manuel de Lardizabal 4, San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain

^e Instituto de Instrumentación para Imagen Molecular (I3M), Centro Mixto CSIC – Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain

^f Unit of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, Israel

^g Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA

^h Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain

ⁱ Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC & Universitat de València, Calle Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, Paterna, Spain

^j Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (i3N), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal

^k Department of Physics, Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, Bilbao, Spain

^l Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc, Paseo de los Ayerbe s/n, Canfranc Estación, Spain

^m LIP, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

ⁿ Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM), CSIC & Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain

^o Department of Physics and Astronomy, Manchester University, Manchester, UK

^p LIBPhys, Physics Department, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Coimbra, Portugal

^q Ikerbasque (Basque Foundation for Science), Bilbao, Spain

^r Department of Applied Chemistry, Universidad del Pais Vasco (UPV/EHU), Manuel de Lardizabal 3, San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain

^s Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3160, USA

^t Instituto Gallego de Física de Altas Energías, Univ. de Santiago de Compostela, Campus sur, Rúa Xosé María Suárez Núñez, s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

^u Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel

^v Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

^w Escola Politècnica Superior, Universitat de Girona, Av. Montilivi, s/n, Girona, Spain

Abstract

Fluorophores covalently bound to azacrown ether ionophores can be assembled into sensitive turn-on chemosensors. The size specificity and electron-rich nature of the ionophore's binding domain contribute to both selectivity and strong turn-on fluorescence sensing by various mechanisms when properly constructed. Aza-18-crown-6 ethers are quite selective for binding to K⁺ and Ba²⁺, yet the more electron-withdrawing dicationic nature of barium imposes a larger electronic effect on turn-on fluorescent sensors. Barium chemosensors can be important for measuring soluble Ba²⁺ in drinking water and have gained recent attention for their potential to enhance the detection of rare events in xenon decay. Here we quantify the capability of three chemosensors, marketed for biologically useful K⁺ sensing, as effective probes for Ba²⁺ ions. We present measurements from bulk spectrofluorometry to characterize the system in aqueous solutions and demonstrate the usefulness of these species for low-background single-ion fluorescence microscopy, revealing new candidates for Ba²⁺ sensing.

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Barium ion sensing with IPG K⁺ molecular probes

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