A micro-dome array triboelectric nanogenerator with a nanocomposite dielectric enhancement layer for wearable pressure sensing and gait analysis

Abstract

The practical application of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a self-powered sensor and an energy harvester is constrained by the need for a wide sensitivity range, significant output power, and structural flexibility. However, most research has focused on physical and chemical surface modifications of the charge-generating layer to enhance the TENG performance. Improving the charge storage ability could otherwise further enhance the overall performance. Here, we propose a flexible TENG design that incorporates a micro-dome array Ecoflex as the tribo-negative layer, coupled with a dielectric enhancement layer composed of a carbon black/Ecoflex composite. The addition of the CB/Eco composite layer to the micro-dome array triboelectric layer enhanced the output voltage performance by forming numerous micro capacitors within the dielectric layer. Furthermore, oxygen-containing fluorocarbon plasma treatment of the micro-dome array increased the surface energy, enhancing the interaction between the triboelectric layers. This leads to an enhancement in the output voltage and energy efficiency, exhibiting a power density of 197.4 mW m⁻². The pressure sensitivity of the TENG was systematically investigated, demonstrating 2.57 V kPa⁻¹ in the low-pressure range (0.612 to 8.58 kPa) and 1.70 V kPa⁻¹ in the high-pressure range (8.58 to 20.83 kPa). Additionally, the encapsulated TENG sensor with spacers was integrated into insoles for self-powered gait analysis, providing real-time insights into walking patterns and frequencies. Exploring the TENG's energy harvesting capability revealed a peak–peak voltage of 89.4 V when two TENGs are connected in series. The comprehensive performance characterization of the TENG demonstrates its promising applications in wearable, self-powered sensing, and energy harvesting systems.