Structural determinants of collapse by a monomolecular mimic of pulmonary surfactant at the physiological temperature

Abstract

Pulmonary surfactant forms a thin film on the liquid that lines the alveolar air-sacks. When compressed by the decreasing alveolar surface area during exhalation, the films avoid collapse from the air/water interface and reduce surface tension to exceptionally low levels. To define better the structure of compressed films that determines their susceptibility to collapse, we measured how cholesterol affects the structure and collapse of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers at physiological temperatures. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and grazing incidence X-ray off-specular scattering (GIXOS) established the lateral and transverse structures of films on a Langmuir trough at a surface pressure of 45 mN m⁻¹, just below the equilibrium spreading pressure at which collapse begins. Experiments with captive bubbles at a surface pressure of 51 mN m⁻¹ measured how the steroid affects isobaric collapse. Mol fractions of the steroid (X_chol) at 0.05 removed the tilt by the acyl chains of DPPC, shifted the unit cell from centered rectangular to hexagonal, and dramatically decreased the long-range order. Higher X_chol produced no further change in diffraction, suggesting that cholesterol partitions into a coexisting disordered phase. Cholesterol had minimal effect on rates of collapse until X_chol reached 0.20. Our results demonstrate that the decreased coherence length, indicating conversion of positional order to short-range, is insufficient to make a condensed monolayer susceptible to collapse. Our findings suggest a two-step process by which cholesterol induces disorder. The steroid would first convert the film with crystalline chains to a hexatic phase before generating a fully disordered structure that is susceptible to collapse. These results lead to far-reaching consequences for formulation of animal-derived therapeutic surfactants. Our results suggest that removal of cholesterol from these preparations should be unnecessary below X_chol = 0.20.