DNA Nanomaterial-Based Sensing Platform for Exosomal miRNA Detection in Disease Diagnosis

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in regulating gene expression and serve as important biomarkers for molecular diagnostics, prognosis, and personalized medicine. Exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRs) are particularly promising due to their enhanced stability and abundance in exosomes, making them reliable candidates for biomarker discovery. DNA nanomaterial-based biosensing platforms have emerged as a powerful tool for detecting exo-miRs, leveraging their programmable nanostructures, biocompatibility, and exceptional molecular recognition capabilities. These platforms hold significant potential for clinical applications in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. Despite advances in exo-miR-based diagnostics, challenges remain in detecting and analyzing multiple targets concurrently at low concentrations in complex biological samples. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the biogenesis of exo-miRs, their expression profiles across various clinical conditions, and their correlations with diseases such as cancer, infections, and neurodegenerative disorders. We also highlight recent advancements in DNA nanomaterial-based detection methods for exo-miRs, discussing both their potential and the obstacles faced in clinical implementation. The successful integration of DNA nanomaterials for exo-miR detection could revolutionize early disease detection, monitoring, and management, ultimately improving healthcare outcomes.