Generic and facile mechanochemical access to versatile lattice-confined Pd(ii)-based heterometallic sites

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) show remarkable potential in a broad array of applications given their physical and chemical versatility. Classical synthesis of MOFs is performed using solution chemistry at elevated temperatures to achieve reversible metal–ligand bond formation. These harsh conditions may not be suitable for chemical species sensitive to high temperature or prone to deleterious reactions with solvents. For instance, Pd(II) is susceptible to reduction under solvothermal conditions and is not a common metal node of MOFs. We report a generic and facile mechanochemical strategy that directly incorporates a series of Pd(II)-based heterobimetallic clusters into MOFs as metal nodes without Pd(II) being reduced to Pd(0). Mechanochemistry features advantages of short reaction time, minimum solvent, high reaction yield, and high degree of synthetic control. Catalytic performances of lattice-confined heterobimetallic sites are examined for nitrene transfer reactions and we demonstrate that the chemoselectivity for allylic amination versus olefin aziridination is readily tuned by the identity of the first-row metal ion in Pd(II)-based heterobimetallic clusters.